Day 13

# 04 URETERS The ureters are long, retroperitoneal, cross multiple structures and are easy to injure in pelvic surgery — which is why their course, relations and surgical landmarks appear in almost every Part A paper. Overview Each ureter is a muscular tube 25–30 cm long conveying urine from renal pelvis

# 61 STONES IN UROLOGY Detailed notes Urolithiasis is one of the most frequently examined urology topics in MRCS Part A. The lifetime risk is around 10–15%, with a male-to-female ratio of roughly 3:1, and peak incidence in the third to fifth decade. Most stones form in

# 62 TESTICULAR TUMOURS Testicular cancer is the commonest solid malignancy in men aged 20–40 years and one of the great success stories of oncology — five-year survival now exceeds 95%. For MRCS Part A it is high-yield because it ties together embryology (descent and lymphatic drainage), surgical anatomy