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Day 16

A collection of 3 issues

45 STOMACH PHYSIOLOGY & GASTRIC ACID REGULATION

# Detailed notes The stomach is a muscular reservoir that mechanically churns food, sterilises it with acid, begins protein digestion and meters chyme into the duodenum. Understanding it for MRCS Part A means understanding three things together: which cell secretes what, how acid secretion is switched on and off, and what

46 PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE

# PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE What is a peptic ulcer? A peptic ulcer is a focal breach of the mucosa that penetrates through the muscularis mucosae into the submucosa or deeper. This is the histological feature that distinguishes a true ulcer from an erosion, which is confined to the mucosa. The depth

47 PANCREAS

# PANCREAS The pancreas is a retroperitoneal gland that performs two unrelated jobs in the same organ: it secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum (exocrine) and hormones into the bloodstream (endocrine). For MRCS Part A, examiners test it from every angle — embryology (divisum, annular), surgical anatomy (relation to SMV and portal